Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in Merger and Acquisition Transactions

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Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in Merger and Acquisition Transactions

Kerem BÖLTEN

 

İngilizce olarak kaleme alınan “Dıspute Resolutıon Mechanısms In Merger And AcquısıtıonTransactıons” adlı çalışmamızda birleşme ve devralma süreçlerinde çıkan uyuşmazlıkların çözülmesinde uygulanacak çözüm yöntemlerinin incelenmesi ve tahkim yönteminin neden diğer yöntemlerden daha etkili olduğu  açıklanmıştır.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP III

ACKNOWLEGMENTS V

TABLE OF CONTENTS VII

ABBREVIATIONS XI

TERMINOLOGY 1

INTRODUCTION.9

 

PART I: MERGER AND ACQUISITON PROCESS

I. Introduction 13

II. Stages of an M&A transaction 15

A. Target identification and preliminary negotiations 16

1. Confidentiality agreement 17

2. Letter of intent and exclusivity agreement 18

B. Establishment of the data room and due diligence 19

C. The acquisition agreement 22

D. Signing and closing the transaction 26

E. Post-closing activities 27

III.  Conclusion of part I 28

 

PART II: LITIGATION AND ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS 

I. Introduction 31

II. Detailed examination as to the distinctions between litigation and  

     ADR mechanisms 32

A. Litigation 32

1. Introduction 32

2. So-called advantages of litigation 33

3. Why litigation remains weak for M&A disputes 34

a) Limited jurisdiction of courts with respect to the dispute to be  

    hear and type of compensation to be rendered 35

b) Lack of familiarity with local court procedures and language 35

c) Limited party control over the dispute 35

d)Determination of the applicable law and the application of “rules  

   of law” 35

e) Admissibility of Evidence 36

f) Difficulties with regard to the foreign judgments 36

g) Lack of confidentiality surrounding proceedings 37

h) Long lasting trials and appeal processes 37

i) Excessive cost of pursuing litigation overseas 37

j) Lack of independent or impartial judiciary and corrupted system 37

k) Restrictions on judicial review of an arbitral award 38

l) Lack of specialized judges and ever-increasing docket numbers 38

B. ADR mechanisms 38

1. Introduction 38

2. Advantages and disadvantages of ADR mechanisms 40

3. Types of ADR mechanisms 42

a)Negotiation: 43

(1)Introduction 43

(2)Substantial notions in negotiation 44

(3)Characteristics of negotiation 45

(4)Negotiation models 46

(5) Advantages of negotiation 48

(6)Why negotiation remains week for M&A disputes 49

b) Conciliation 50

(1)Introduction 50

(2)Major distinction between conciliation and mediation 51

(3) Considerable “necessity” as to the uniform rules on  

       conciliation 53

(4) Conciliation process and main characteristics of the 

       conciliation 53

(5) Why conciliation remains weak for M&A disputes 58

c) Minitrial 58

(1) Introduction 58

(2)Components of the minitrial 59

(3)Advantages of minitrial 61

(4) Why minitrial remains weak for M&A disputes 61

d) Mediation 62

(1) Introduction 62

(2) Characteristics of mediation 64

(3)Basic principles of mediation 65

a) Impartiality 65

b) Self-Determination 65

c)Informed Consent 65

(4) Forms of mediation 65

a) Facilitative Mediation 66

b) Evaluative Mediation 67

c) Transformative Mediation 67

(5) General overview of mediation process 68

(6) How to select appropriate mediator? 70

(7) Advantages of mediation 71

a) Flexibility 72

b) Less Costly 72

c) Efficiency 73

d) Range of Settlement Options 73

e) Informality 73

f) Preserved to Apply Other Dispute Resolution Mechanisms 74

g) Confidentiality 74

h) Preserves Relationships 74

(8) Why mediation remains week for M&A disputes 74

a) Absence of due process protection 75

b) Absence of appeal process 75

c) Lack of standardized rules and process 75

d) Additional cost if unsuccessful 75

e) Voluntary and non-binding process 76

f) Lack of set of rules for the enforceability of decisions 76

III. Conclusion of Part II 76

 

PART III: ARBITRATION FOR DIFFERENT STAGES OF M&A DISPUTES

I. Arbitration 79

A. Introduction 79

B. Institutional and ad hoc arbitration 81

1. Institutional arbitration 82

2. Ad hoc arbitration 83

3. Benefits and drawbacks of institutional and ad hoc arbitration for M&A 

     disputes 83

C. General elements of international arbitration agreements 85

a) Arbitration agreement 85

b) Constitution of tribunal 86

c) Conduct of process 86

D. The arbitration agreement 88

1. The autonomy of the arbitration agreement from the main contract 88

2. Development of the autonomy of the arbitration agreement 89

a) Recognition of the principle in leading arbitration rules 89

b) Recognition of the principle in international arbitration 

     convention 90

3. Consequences of the autonomy of the arbitration agreement 92

a) Direct consequences of the principle of autonomy 92

b) Indirect Consequences of the Principle of Autonomy 94

4. Formation and validity of the international arbitration agreement 96

a) Presumptive validity and enforceability of international  

     arbitration agreements under international conventions 96

b) Form and proof of international arbitration agreements 97

c) Capacity and power to conclude international arbitration  

     agreement 98

d) Consent 98

e) Arbitrability 99

5. Effects of the arbitration agreement 100

E. Composition of the arbitral tribunal 100

F. The applicable law to the merits of the dispute 102

1. Applicable law chosen by the parties 102

2. Restrictions over the effectiveness of parties’ choice of law 104

3.  Applicable law chosen by the arbitrators 105

G. The law governing the procedure 105

H. Parties to international arbitration 108

İ. Seat of the arbitral proceedings 109

J. Interim measures in the course of arbitration proceedings 110

K. The arbitral award 111

L.  Enforcement and set aside procedure of arbitral decisions 113

M. Grounds that must be raised by the party resisting recognition or 

  enforcement 114

N. Why arbitration beats litigation? 115

O. Why arbitration beats ADR mechanisms 116

P. Why arbitration is the best mechanism for the resolution of an  

 M&A Disputes 117

a) Neutrality of the Dispute Resolution Forum 117

b) Centralized Dispute Resolution Forum 118

c) Enforceability of Awards 118

d) Commercial Competence and Expertise of Tribunal 119

e) Finality of Decision 119

f) Party Control and Procedural Flexibility 120

g) Speed 120

h) Confidentiality 121

i) Avoiding precedent decisions 121

II. Arbitration as a dispute resolution mechanism for M&A disputes 122

A. Introduction 122

B. Arbitration at various stages of merger and acquisition transaction 122

1. Pre-closing disputes 123

a) Letter of intent 123

b) Confidentiality and exclusivity agreements 123

c) Due diligence 124

2. Post-closing disputes 125

a) Representations and warranties 125

b) Earn-out clauses- price adjustment or indemnification 126

c) Put and sale options 128

d) Anti-trust and competition 128

III. Conclusion of Part III 129

CONCLUSION 131

BIBLIOGRAPHY 135

Right To Fair Trial in Turkish Adminstrative Justice System in The Light Of European Human Rights Law

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Right To Fair Trial in Turkish Adminstrative Justice System in The Light Of European Human Rights Law

 
Ahmet AKBABA

 TABLE OF CONTENTS. III
ABSTRACT.. V

ÖZET.. VII

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. IX

DEDICATION.. XI

ABBREVIATION.. XIII

RIGHT TO FAIR TRIAL IN TURKISH ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICESYSTEM IN THE LIGHT OF EUROPEAN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW... 1

Introduction. 1

I. RIGHT TO A PUBLIC HEARING IN THEADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE SYSTEMS  5

1. The right of a party to be present before the court 6

2. The right of the party to participate effectively atthe hearing. 7

3. Public character of court hearings. 7

4. The obligation for a court to make its judgment public. 8

II. REASONABLE TIME GUARANTEE.. 10

A. What is the meaning of thereasonable time guarantee?. 11

B. How is time calculated?. 11

1. Complexity of the case. 15

2. The conduct of the applicant 16

3. The conduct of the authorities. 18

III. INDEPENDENT AND IMPARTIALTRIBUNAL ESTABLISHED BY LAW... 21

A. Independence. 23

1. Composition and appointment 25

2. Appearances. 27

3. Subordination to other authorities. 28

B. Impartiality. 29

1. Subjective Impartiality, 30

2. Objective Impartiality. 31

a. Differing roles of the judge. 33

b. Rehearing. 35

c. Specialist tribunals. 35

C. Established by law.. 36

IV. FAIR HEARING.. 38

A. Access to court 39

1. Undisputable administrative acts and Unappealablejudgments. 43

2. Procedural restrictions. 46

3. Time limits. 51

4. Access to Information. 53

5. Mediation and Other Alternative Dispute Resolution. 55

6. The Effectiveness of Court Proceedings (Enforcement ofCourt Judgments) 58

7. Excessive Court Fees. 63

B. Presence at the proceedings. 65

C. Equality of arms. 66

1. Opportunity to receive and respond to submission. 67

2. Opportunity to present or give evidence. 68

3. Legislative interference. 68

D. Adversarial proceedings. 69

E. Right to a reasoned judgment 70

F. Right To Legal Aid. 73

CONCLUSION.. 77

BIBLIOGRAPHY.. 81

CASE LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. 89		
            

Fundamental Concepts of
Anglo- American Law

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FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF ANGLO-AMERICAN LAW

Gönenç GÜRKAYNAK, Derya DURLU, Gözde KİTAPÇI

- What is Precedent? Basic Training on Learning Law by
Reading and Discussing Cases
- Compulsory Reading: The Constitution of the United States
- Separation of Powers: A System of Checks and Balances
- Necessary and Proper Clause, Art. I, Sec.8, Cl.18
- Commerce Clause
- Executive Power
- Due Process of Law
- Substantive Due Process
- Procedural Due Process
- Equal Protection
- Affirmative Action
- Racial Gerrymandering
- Gender & Sex Based Discrimination
- Residency & Right to Travel
- Right to Vote
- Limits of Fundamental Rights
- First Amendment Matters
- Categories of Speech
- Content Issues
- Overbreadth and Vagueness
- Prior Restraint
- Establishment Clause
- Administrative Law Basics
- Selected Criminal Law Concept: Developments On  Prohibition of Homosexual Sodomy
- Selected Criminal Procedural Law Concept: Exclusionary Rule
- Selected Torts Concept: Product Liability and the Frivolous Lawsuit Problem
- Selected Law of Corporations Concept:  Piercing the Corporate Veil
- Selected Procedural Law Concept: Jury Trial Issues
- Selected Conflicts of Law Concept:  Law To Be Applied by Federal Court Over State Law Claim
- Selected Contracts Law Concepts: Estoppel

INDEX


AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES    III

FOREWORD     V

INDEX    VII

INTRODUCTION    1
Declaration of Independence: A Legal Petition In Congress, July
4, 1776    1

What is Precedent? Basic Training on Learning Law by
Reading and Discussing Cases    5

Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1886)    5
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896)    10
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) .    18
Alexander  v. Holmes County Board of Education,
396 U.S. 19 (1969)    21
Keyes v. School District No. 1,
413 U.S. 189 (1973)    23
Pasadena City Board of Education v. Spangler, 427
U.S. 424 (1976)    31

Compulsory Reading: The Constitution of the United States    37

Separation of Powers: A System of Checks and Balances     53

Bonham v. College of Physicians (1610)    53
Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)    55
Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958)    67
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee 14 U.S. 304 (1816).    72
Ex Parte Mc Cardle 74 U.S. 506, (1869)    80
Title 28, Part IV, Chapter 81 Supreme Court U.S.C.A. Section
1254 Courts of Appeals; Certiorari; Certified Questions; Section
1257 State Courts; Certiorari    82

 

Necessary and Proper Clause, Art. I, Sec.8, Cl.18     83

McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819)    83

Commerce Clause.    99

United States  v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995)    99
United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000)    114

Executive Power     135

United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974)    135
Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976)    143
Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654 (1988)    150

Due Process of Law     161

Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905)    161
Nebbia v. New York, 291 U.S. 502 (1934)    170
Ferguson v. Skrupa, 372 U.S. 726 (1963)    179

Substantive Due Process     183

Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)    183
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490 (1989)    192
Planned Parenthood v.Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992)    200

Procedural Due Process    219

Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564 (1972)    219
Perry v. Sindermann, 408 U.S. 593 (1972)    224
Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480 (1980)    .228

Equal Protection    237

Railway Express Agency, Inc. v. New York, 336 U.S. 106
(1949)    237
Fitzgerald v. Racing
Association of Central Iowa, 539 U.S. 103 (2003)    239
Loving v. Virginia 388 U.S. 1 (1967)    243

 


Affirmative Action    249

Regents of the University of California v Bakke,  438 US 265
(1978)     249
Grutter v Bollinger, 539 US 206 (2003)     263

Racial Gerrymandering    283

Shaw v Reno, 509 US 630 (1993)    283
Shaw v Hunt, 517 US 899 (1996)    289
Easley v Cromartie, 532 US 234 (2001)    296

Gender & Sex Based Discrimination    307

Mississippi University For Women v Hogan,  458 US 718
(1982)    307
Romer v Evans, 517 US 620 (1996)    312

Residency & Right to Travel     329

Shapiro v Thompson, 394 US 618 (1969)    329
Dunn v Blumstein, 405 US 330 (1972)    336
McCarthy v Philadelphia Civil Service Commission,
424 U S 645 (1976)    346
Saenz v Roe 526 US 489 (1999)    347

Right to Vote     355

Harper v Virginia Board of Elections, 383 US 663 (1966)     355
Bush v Gore, 531 US 98 (2000)    358

Limits of Fundamental Rights     367

San Antonio Independent School District v Rodriguez,
411 US 1 (1973)    367
Plyler v Doe 457 US 202, (1982)    386

First Amendment Matters     397

Schenk v United States, 249 US 47 (1919)    397
Gitlow v New York, 268 US 652 (1925)    400
Whitney v California, 274 US 357 (1927)    405
Brandenburg v Ohio, 395 US 444 (1969)    410
Cohen v California, 403 US 15 (1971)    412


 

National Association For the Advancement of Colored People v Claiborne Hardware Co, 458 US 886 (1981)    416

Categories of Speech     425

Chaplinsky v New Hampshire, 315 US 568 (1942)    425
R A V v City of St Paul,  505 US 377
(1992)    427
Virginia v Black, 538 US 343 (2003)    430

Content Issues     433

United States v O'Brien, 391 US 367 (1968)    433
Police Dept of Chicago v Mosley, 408 US 92 (1972)    441
Boos v Barry, 485 US 312 (1988)    445
Texas v Johnson,  491 US 397 (1989)    454
Simon & Schuster, Inc v Members of the New York State
Crime Victims Board, 502 US 105 (1991)    464
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc v Federal
Communications Commission, 512 US 622 (1997)    476
Hill v Colorado, 530 US 703 (2000)    492

Overbreadth and Vagueness     505

Connally v General Construction Co, 269 US 385 (1926)    505
National Association For the Advancement of Colored People v
Patterson, 357 US 449 (1958)    509
Broadrick v Oklahoma,  413 US 601 (1973)    515
Riley v National Federation of the Blind of North Carolina,
487 US 781 (1988)    520
Chicago v Morales, 527 US 41 (1999)    529
Virginia v Hicks, 539 US 113 (2003)    536

Prior Restraint     541

Near v Minnesota, 283 US 697 (1931)    541
New York Times Co v United States, 403 US 713
(1971)    545
Thomas v Chicago Park District, 534 US 316 (2002)    551

 


Establishment Clause     555

Lemon v Kurtzman, 403 US 602 (1971)    555
Lee v Weisman, 505 US 577 (1992)    561
County of Allegheny v American Civil Liberties Union,
492 US 573 (1989)    567
Santa Fe Independent School District v Doe, 530 US 290
(2000)    573
Zelman v Simmons-Harris, 536 US 639 (2002)    579

Administrative Law Basics     585

Chevron v Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc,
467 US 837 (1984)    585
United States v Mead Corp , 533 US 218 (2001)    596

Selected Criminal Law Concept: Developments On
Prohibition of Homosexual Sodomy    605

Bowers v Hardwick, 478 US 186 (1986)    605
Lawrence v Texas, 539 US 558 (2003)    607

Selected Criminal Procedural Law Concept: Exclusionary
Rule     611

Weeks v United States, 232 US 383  (1914)    611
Silverthorne Lumber Co, Inc v United States,
251 US 385 (1920)    614
Mapp v Ohio, 367 US 643 (1961)    615
Hudson v Michigan, 547 US 586 (2006)    618

Selected Torts Concept: Product Liability and the Frivolous
Lawsuit Problem     621

Greenman v Yuba Power Products, Inc,
59 Cal 2d 57 (Cal 1963)    621

Selected Law of Corporations Concept:  Piercing the
Corporate Veil    623

Walkovsky v Carlton,  223 NE 2d 6 (NY 1966)    623

Selected Procedural Law Concept: Jury Trial Issues     631

Batson v Kentucky, 476 US 79 (1986)    631
Blanton v City of North Las Vegas, 489 US 538 (1989)    636
Markman v Westview Instruments, Inc , 517 US 370 (1996)    638

 


Selected Conflicts of Law Concept:  Law To Be Applied by
Federal Court Over State Law Claim    643

Swift v Tyson, 41 US 1 (1842)    643
Erie Railroad Co v Tompkins, 304 US 64 (1938)     646
Gasperini v Center For Humanities, Inc, 518 US 415 (1996)     649

Selected Contracts Law Concepts: Estoppel     653

§90 Promise Reasonably Inducing Definite and Substantial
Action    653
28 Am Jur 2d Estoppel and Waiver § 35     653

Fundamentals Of
Turkish Private Law

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FUNDAMENTALS OF TURKISH PRIVATE LAW



Prof. Dr. Erhan ADAL



PREFACE V

ABBREVIATIONS XIII

ABOUT THE AUTHOR XVII



BOOK ONE

(THE CIVIL LAW)

§ 1. THE CONCEPT OF LAW 1

1. The positive law or applied law 2

2. The enacted law 2

3. Natural law or ideal law 3

4. Objective law, subjective law 4

5. National law, International law 4

6. Substantive law and procedural laws 4

§ 2. DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF LAW 4

I. IN GENERAL 4

II. BRANCHES of PUBLIC LAW 5

1. Constitutional Law 5

2. The Administrative Law 6

3. The Criminal Law 6

4. The Judicial Law 6

a) Constitutional Jurisdiction 6

b) Administrative Jurisdiction 6

c) Military Jurisdiction 7

d) Judicial Jurisdiction 7

5. Public International Law 8

6. Fiscal Law 9

III. BRANCHES OF PRIVATE LAW 9

1. The Civil Law 9

2. The Commercial Law 10

(A) General mode of transportation 11

(B) Water transportation (solely) 12

3. Private International Law / Conflict of Laws 14

IV. MIXED / SUI GENERIS LAW BRANCHES 14

§ 3. SOURCES OF TURKISH LAW 18

I. IN GENERAL 18

1. Static codifications 19

2. Dynamic codifications 19

aa. Codifications aiming at alteration of regime 19

bb. Codifications aiming at alteration of Social and Economic Structure 20

cc. Codifications aiming at International Integration 20

3. Methods used in codification 20

a. Casuistic method 20

b. Abstract method 20

c. Abstract casuistic method 21

II. LEGISLATION 21

1. Generally 21

2. Legislation in the Turkish Legal system 21

3. Main features of Legislation 21

4. Hierarchy of written laws or enacted law 22

(a) the Constitution 22

(b) Codes, Statutes, Acts of Parliament 22

(c) Statutory (Governmental) Decrees 23

(d) International Treaties 23

(e) Regulations 24

(f) Directives (By-laws) 24

(g) Joint-decision of United Chambers of the High Court of Appeals 24

III. CUSTOMARY LAW 24

1. Antiquity 25

2. Continuity 25

3. Popular belief in the quality of a custom (opinio necessitatis) 25

4. State sanction 25

5. Agreement with Statutory Law 26

§ 4. THE CONCEPT OF «SYSTEM OF LAW» 26

I. INTRODUCTION 26

II. THE CIVIL LAW SYSTEM 27

1. Historical Development 27

(A) Roman Law 27

(B) French Law 29

(C) German Law 32

III. THE COMMON LAW SYSTEM 37

1. Sources of law 37

(A) Common Law 38

(B) Case Law 39

C) Statute Law 45

(D) Equity 47

2. Functions of Equity 48

3. Contributions of Equity 48

§ 5. THE TURKISH LEGAL SYSTEM 52

I. INTRODUCTION 52

II. THE RECEPTION OF WESTERN LAW IN TURKEY 54

1) Reception of Law 54

2) Modern reception 55

3) Sources adopted 55

4) General Problems of Reception 56

§ 6. PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS AND SCOPE OF THE CIVIL CODE 59

I. INTRODUCTION 59

II. ARTICLE 1 OF THE CIVIL CODE 60

1) Distinctive features of the Code 61

2) Meaning and scope of Article 1 65

3) Sources of law set forth in article 1 66

III. TYPICAL JUDGEMENTS ON ARTICLE 4 73

1) On the guardianship of persons of full age 74

2) Grounds of Divorce 75

3) Effect of divorce or judicial separation on the chidren of the marriage 76

4) Forfeiture of parental power 76

5) Responsibility of the head of the family 77

6) Compensation for breach of promise of marriage (article 119 CC): 77

7) Determination of damage 78

8) Reduction of penalty taken by the damaged party». 78

IV. TYPICAL JUDGMENTS ON ARTICLE 2 AND 3 (GOOD FAITH) 78

A) In Civil Law areas 81

aa - Family law 81

bb - Law of Inheritance 81

cc - Law of property 82

§ 7. LAW OF PERSONS 85

I. IN GENERAL 85

II. PERSONS AS SUBJECTS OF RIGHTS 86

III. CAPACITY TO ACT 87

1. Definition 87

2. Degree of capacity 87

(a) Full capacity 87

(i) minority 88

(ii) mental sickness 88

(iii) mental weakness 88

(b) Full incapacity 89

(c) Limited capacity 90

IV. RELATIONSHIP/KINDRED 91

1. Concept 91

2. Kinds of relationship 91

(a) Kindred by blood 91

aa - Kindred by parentage 91

bb - Kindred by collateral 92

(b) Kindred by marriage 92

3. Relationship by law (legal relationship) adoption (foster child) 93

§ 8. FAMILY LAW 95

I. CONCEPT 95

II. ENGAGEMENT (BETROTHAL) 95

1) Capacity 96

2) Promise of marriage must come through engaged people 96

3) Non existence of any marriage impediment 96

III. MARRIAGE 98

1. Conditions for a valid marriage 98

a - Mental capacity 98

b - Age 99

c - Non existence of marriage impediments 99

d - Non existence of a period of delay 100

IV. DISSOLUTION OF MARITAL BOND 101

1) Death of one of the parties; 101

2) Annulment of the marriage 102

3) Divorce 104

A) Grounds of divorce 105

(i) Specific grounds of divorce 105

a - Adultery 105

b - Attempts on life, ill usage 106

c - to commit a crime and lead a dishonourable life 106

d - Desertion 107

e - Insanity 107

(ii) General ground of divorce, ""Rupture of conjugal relations"" 108

B) Role and function of the judge in a divorce suit: 111

C) Legal consequences of divorce 112

4) Judicial separation 113

§ 9. LAW OF INHERITANCE 114

I. GENERALLY 114

II. INTESTATE SUCCESSION 115

1. Parental System 115

2. Otherpersons who may inherit 119

(a) Illegitimate children 119

(b) Adopted children 120

(c) The surviving spouse (Art. 499 CC). 120

III. TESTATE SUCCESSION 122

1) Wills 122

a) Capacity 122

b) Form 122

aa - The public/authentic or official will 122

bb - The holograph/handwritten will 123

cc - The oral / verbal / nuncupative will 123

2) Contract of inheritance / testamentary pact 124

IV. INTERPRETATION OF DISPOSITIONS MORTIS CAUSA 124

V. RESERVED PORTION 126

1) Descendants 127

2) Parents 127

3) Sisters and brothers 128

VI. METHODS FOR THE LIQUIDATION OF THE DEBTS OF THE DECEASED PERSON 132

1) Common features and historical background 132

2) The French Civil Code System 134

3) The German Civil Code System 137

4) The Anglo American Legal System 140

5) The Swiss - Turkish Civil Code System 142

§ 10. LAW OF PROPERTY 145

I. GENERALLY 145

II. PROPERTY 148

III. OWNERSHIP 149

IV. OWNERSHIP AND POSSESSION 150

1) Scope of ownership 151

(a) Integral parts (components, fixture) 151

(b) Natural fruits 152

(c) Accessories 152

2) Nature and limits of ownership 153

3) Types of Ownership 153

(a) Joint/United ownership (art. 688 CC) 153

aa - Management (art. 689 CC) 153

bb - Disposing of the property (conveyancing transaction) 154

(b) Ownership in common (art. 701 CC) 154

4) Acquisition of Ownership 155

(a) for movables 155

b) for immovables 156

V. LAND REGISTER 159

VI. RESTRICTED REAL RIGHTS 161

1. Servitudes / Easement 161

2. Land charges 166

3. Mortgage 167



BOOK TWO

(THE LAW OF OBLIGATIONS - SOURCES)

§ 11. THE CLASSIFICATION OF OBLIGATIONS 173

I. INTRODUCTION 173

II. THE CLASSIFICATION OF OBLIGATIONS UNDER THE CIVIL LAW 175

1. Roman law 175

A) Roman Law of Obligations 175

B) Roman Law of Contracts 176

2. The French Law 178

A) French Law of Contracts 179

B) The Effects of Contracts 183

3) The German law 184

A) General Principles 184

B) Contractual Obligations 187

III. THE CLASSIFICATION OF OBLIGATIONS UNDER THE COMMON LAW 194

1. The law of contracts in general 194

2. Consideration 197

§ 12. SOURCES OF OBLIGATIONS IN THE SWISS / TURKISH CODE OF OBLIGATIONS 199

I. INTRODUCTION 199

II. CONTRACTS 202

1. Definition and Classification 202

2. A Valid Agreement 204

(a) Offer 204

(b) Acceptance 206

3. Capacity 209

4. Legal Cause 211

5. Legality of the Subject Matter 212

6. Genuine Consent 222

(a) Error / Mistake 223

b) Willful Fraud / Misrepresentation 226

(c) Duress 227

7. Form of Contract 229

(a) Written form as «means of proof» (ad probationem): 229

(b) Written form as a ""prerequisite of validity"" (ad solemnitatem) 229

8. Representation (Agency) 231

(a) Indirect representation 232

(b) Direct representation 232

§ 13. DELICTUAL ACTS (ILLEGAL ACTS) 243

I. Roman law of Delicts 243

1. Furtum 243

2. Injuria 244

3. Damnum injuria datum 244

4. Roman law of quasi delicts 244

II. French law of Delicts and quasi delicts. 245

1. Introduction 245

2. Fault and Negligence 246

3. Imputed Responsibility, (a) Article 1384 247

III. German law of Delictual Obligations 264

IV. The English Law of Torts 279

A) Trespass 280

B) Nuisance 282

C) Negligence 283

V. ILLEGAL ACTS IN SWISS / TURKISH LAW 285

1. Elements of tortious liability 287

(A) Damages. 288

(B) Adequate causality 293

(C) Illegality 294

(D) Fault 295

2. Absolute (strict) Liability 298

A) Equitable liability 299

B) Liability for dangerous activities 299

(a) Vicarious liability (liability of the employer) 301

(b) Contractual liability (of the party) versus the adverse party (for his assistants’ acts). 302

(c) Liability of animal keepers 305

(d) Liability of building owners or other structures 305

3) Traffic liability 307

§ 14. UNJUSTIFIED ENRICHMENT 338

I. Roman Law of quasi contracts 339

II. French Law of Quasi Contracts 339

1. In General. 339

2. Gestion d'Affaires. 340

3. Répétition de I'lndu. 341

III. German Law of quasi ex contractu 341

IV. Anglo-American law 342

V. UNJUSTIFIED ENRICHMENT IN SWISS - TURKISH LAW 343

1. In General 343

2. Conditions of claim based on unjustified enrichment 343

3. Exceptions to claim based on unjustified enrichment 344

4. Nature of the claim based on unjustified enrichment 345

5. Extent of restitution 345



APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1

THE TURKISH CIVIL CODE and CODE of OBLIGATIONS 351



APPENDIX 2

FOREIGN CODES 403

I) CONTINENTAL/CIVIL LAW COUNTRIES 403

A) THE FRENCH CIVIL CODE 403

B) REICHSHAFTPFLICHTGESETZ 427

C) THE GERMAN CIVIL CODE 429

D) THE 1942 ITALIAN CIVIL CODE 468

II) COMMON LAW COUNTRIES / ANGLO - AMERICAN LAW 471

A) SALE OF GOODS ACT 1979 471

B) SALE AND SUPPLY OF GOODS ACT 1994 495

C) THE RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS 516

D) RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF AGENCY 564

E) THE SECOND RESTATEMENT OF TORTS 566

F) RESTATEMENT OF THE LAW THIRD; TORTS: LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM 567



APPENDIX 3

THE 1973 STRASBOURG CONVENTION ON CIVIL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY MOTOR VEHICLES 577



APPENDIX 4

A) THE 1980 VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS 585

B) UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 2004 614

C) UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE 652



APPENDIX 5

(A) PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN LAW OF CONTRACTS PECL 711

(B) PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN LAW OF TORTS - PELT 753



APPENDIX 6

GLOSSARY ON BUSINESS, COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 777

Seekİng a Legal Perspectıve On Internatıonal Mıgratıon And Turkey

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SEEKING A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND TURKEY



İbrahim KAYA



TABLE OF CONTENTS



TABLE OF CONTENTS 7



CHAPTER ONE

REFORM IN TURKISH ASYLUM LAW: ADOPTING THE EU ACQUIS?

Introduction 13

Background information on migration and asylum in Turkey 15

Legal framework in Turkey 17

General Picture: 17

Geographical Limitation 20

Asylum procedure 22

UNHCR in Turkey 25

Adopting the EU acquis and asylum reform 27

National Action Plan 27

Accelerated procedures 30

Need for a holistic approach to Asylum and Migration 32

Institutional reforms 32

Lifting the geographical limitation and burden sharing 36

Rights and implementation 40

Health care 41

Legal access to work 41

Education 42

The integration issue 42

The EU acquis and projects on asylum 46

Conclusion 48

BIBLIOGRAPHY 60



CHAPTER TWO

THE IRAQI REFUGEE CRISIS AND TURKEY: A LEGAL OUTLOOK

Introduction 65

Iraqi Refugees: A Turkish Experience 65

Legal Status of Iraqis in Turkey 67

International Law, Turkey and Refugees 68

The UNHCR and Refugees in Turkey 74

Rights of Iraqi “Refugees” in Turkey 76

Turkish Citizenship Law and Favourable Treatment for Iraqis 77

Conclusion 78

Bibliography 79



CHAPTER THREE

CIRCULAR MIGRATION AND TURKEY: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

A. Introduction 83

B. Circular Migration in the Turkish Legal Framework 84

1. Turkish Nationals Working Abroad 84

Entry & Exit Laws 84

Border Control 85

Illegal Turkish Workers Abroad 85

Coordination of Social Benefits in Turkey and Host Countries 86

Political Participation of Turkish Citizens Working Abroad 88

Bilateral Mobility Agreements 90

Turkey-UK The Experience of Circular Migration 91

2. Foreign Workers in Turkey 92

Short-Term Stay 92

Residence and Work Permits 92

Work Permit 93

Employment Visa 93

Residence Permit for Employment Purposes 94

Types of Work Permits 94

Illegal Employment 96

Turkish Labour Law and Non-Nationals 97

Exceptional Favourable Treatment of Turkish Nationals 99

C. Concluding Remarks And Suggestions 100



CHAPTER FOUR

LEGAL ASPECTS OF IRREGULAR MIGRATION IN TURKEY

A. Introductory Remarks 105

B. Typology of Irregular Migrants in Turkish Legal Context 108

1. Asylum 108

2. People Smuggling and Trafficking 111

3. Irregular Labour 113

4. Transit Migration 115

C. Coping with Irregular Migration in Turkey: Legal Framework 116

D. Concluding Remarks and Suggestions 118

Bibliography 119



CHAPTER FIVE

TURKEY AND UNDOCUMENTED MIGRATION

PART I: SETTING THE FRAME 123

1. Regular Migration: Empirical Framework 124

2. Regular Migration: Legal Framework 127

3. Irregular Migration 138

3.1 Pathways into Irregularity 138

3.2 Discourses 139

PART II: ESTIMATES, DATA AND ASSESSMENT OF TOTAL SIZE AND COMPOSITION OF IRREGULAR MIGRANT POPULATION 143

1. Most relevant studies 143

1.1 Academic Papers and Reports 143

1.2. Official Data 147

2. Estimates, data and expert assessments on stocks 151

2.1 Total Stocks 151

2.2 Gender and Age Composition 153

2.3 Nationality Composition 154

2.4 Economic Sector Composition 158

2.5 Former Asylum Seekers 161

3. Estimates, data and expert assessments on Flows 164

3.1 Demographic Flows 164

3.2 Border-Related Flows 164

3.3 Status-Related flows 168

PART III: DISCUSSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 169

ANNEX: 177

REFERENCES 183

Provisional Measures Of Protection In International Law: 1907-2010

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CHAPTER I- PROVISIONAL MEASURES LEGISLATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW



Prof. Dr. Mehmet Semih GEMALMAZ



- From Central American Court of Justice to Mix Arbitral Tribunals

- Provisional measures legislation of the Permanent Court of International Justice

- Provisional measures legislation of the International Court of Justice

- Provisional measures legislation under the Convention on the Law of the Sea and the law of the European Union





CHAPTER II- PROVISIONAL MEASURES PRACTICE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW



- Provisional measure practice of the Central American Court of Justice

- Provisional measure practice of the PCIJ

- Provisional measures prcatice of the ICJ





CHAPTER III- OTHER MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS CONCERNING PROVISIONAL MEASURES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW



- Advisory proceedings and provisional measures

- Intervention and provisional measures

- Role of UN organs and compliance with the Court's orders of provisional measures

- Correlation between decision on provisional measures and final decision on the case

- The subject- matter of provisional measure indicated

- Cases with human rights dimensions





CHAPTER IV- THE ICJ JURISPRUDENCE ON THE BINDING NATURE OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES ORDERS



- Pre- LaGrand: ""Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Paraguay v. USA)"" case

- The ""LaGrand"" case

- Post- LaGrand: reconfirmation of the binding nature of provisional measures





- SOME CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS

- BIBLIOGRAPHY

- CASE INDEX

- SUBJECT INDEX







CHAPTER I - PROVISIONAL MEASURES LEGISLATION IN INTERNATONAL LAW

A-) From Central American Court of Justice to Mix Arbitral Tribunals 3

1. Convention for the Establishment of a Central American Court of Justice 3

i-) Provisional measure provisions in the 1907 CACJ Convention 3

ii-) The CACJ Regulations (1911) and Ordinance (1912) 5

iii-) Further developments in the region 7

2. The Bryan Treaties and Mixed Arbitral Tribunals 10

i-) The Bryan Treaties (1914) 10

ii-) Mixed Arbitral Tribunals 13

B-) Provisional measures legislation of the Permanent Court of International Justice 17

1. Statute of the PCIJ 17

i-) Drafting of Article 41 of the Statute 18

ii-) Influence of Article 41 of the Statute on the subsequent arbitration treaties 24

2. Rules of Court of the PCIJ 33

i-) Original “Rules of Court” (24/03/1922) 34

ii-) The 1931 Revision 40

iii-) The 1936 Revision 47

C-) Provisional measures legislation of the International Court of Justice 53

1. Article 41 of the ICJ Statute 54

2. Rules of Court and Practice Directions of the ICJ 55

i-) Rules of Court of the ICJ 55

ii-) Practice Directions of the ICJ 59

3. Arguments on the legal nature of provisional measure orders 62

i-) Arguments referring to the letter of the provision 63

a) Under the PCIJ system 63

b) Under the ICJ system 64



ii-) Arguments referring to the place of the provision in the Statute and intention of the drafters 69

a) The place of Article 41 in the ICJ Statute 69

b) Intention of the drafters 70

iii-) Further arguments submitted in favor of the binding nature of provisional measures 71

D-) Provisional measures legislation under the Convention on the Law of the Sea and the law of the European Union 81

1. The 1982 UNCLOS 81

i-) Article 290 of the UNCLOS 81

ii-) Article 25 of the Statute of the ITLOS 83

iii-) Relevant provisions in the “Rules of the Tribunal” 84

iv-) Assessment of the relevant legislation 87

v-) The 1995 “Fish Stocks Agreement” 94

2. Interim measures in the European Court of Justice 96

CHAPTER II - PROVISIONAL MEASURES PRACTICE

IN INTERNATONAL LAW

A-) Provisional measure practice of the Central American Court of Justice 103

1. “Honduras and Nicaragua v. El Salvador and Guatemala” case (1908) 103

i-) Two Orders of 13/07/1908 103

ii-) Assessment of the Orders 106

2. “Costa Rica v. Nicaragua” (1916) and “El Salvador v. Nicaragua” (1917) cases 108

i-) “Costa Rica v. Nicaragua” case 108

ii-) “El Salvador v. Nicaragua” case 110

B-) Provisional measure practice of the PCIJ 113

1. Cases in which provisional measure requests were rejected 113

i-) “Factory at Chorzow” case (Order of 21/11/1927) 113

ii-) The “Legal Status of the South-Eastern of Greenland” case (Order of 03/08/1932) 117

a) Order of 03/08/1932 117

b) Judgment of 05/04/1933 and termination of the case 122

iii-) “Administration of the Prince von Pless” case (Order of 11/05/1933) 123

iv-) “Polish Agrarian Reform and German Minority” case (Order of 29/07/1933) 125

2. Cases in which provisional measure requests were granted 129

i-) “China-Belgium Treaty” case 129

a) Order of 08/01/1927 129

b) Order of 15/02/1927 132

c) Assessment 134

ii-) “Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria” case 137

a) Order of 05/12/1939 137

b) Assessment 140

C-) Provisional measures practice of the ICJ 142

1. List of provisional measures cases 142

i-) Table of cases in which provisional measures are granted 142

ii-) Table of cases in which provisional measures are rejected 146

2. Substantial criteria and issues 149

i-) Preservation of status quo pendente lite and of the rights claimed 149

ii-) Prima facie jurisdiction 155

a) Doctrinal arguments 158

b) The case-law of the ICJ 165

c) Additional submission for the basis of jurisdiction of the Court at the late stage of provisional measure proceedings 184

d) Failure of the establishment of the Court’s prima facie jurisdiction 185

iii-) Inherent power to indicate, as well as to revoke or modify provisional measures 194

iv-) Indication of provisional measures proprio motu and ordering measures other than those requested 202

a) Power to indicate provisional measures proprio motu 202

b) Measures other than those requested 206

v-) Urgency of the situation and risk of irreparable prejudice 223

a) Substantive urgency 223

b) Irreparable prejudice 226

c) Relationship between “irreparable prejudice” and “capability of reparation” 231

d) Lack of elements of “urgency” and irreparable prejudice” 237

vi-) Relationship between the subject-matter of the provisional measures sought and of the principal Application 258

vii-) An indirect submission of a request for the indication of provisional measures 262

viii-) Pronouncement for reserving the right to request the Court to indicate provisional measures 263

ix-) Request for the postponement of consideration and withdrawal of the request 265

3. Procedural criteria and issues 267

i-) Procedural urgency 267

a) The scope of the procedural urgency under Article 74/1-3 of the Rules of Court 267

b) Lapses of time between the request for the indication of provisional measure and the Court’s order 271

aa. The period between the request and the order in cases where such a request is granted or rejected 271

bb. Observations 272

cc. Observations concerning the practice of a Chamber of the Court 277

dd. Responsibility of States 284

c) Lapses of time between the request for the indication of provisional measure and holding of hearings 285

aa. The period between the request and the hearing in cases where such a request is granted or rejected 285

bb. Observations 286

d) Pronouncement for the expedition of the proceedings on the merits 294

ii-) Power of the President of the Court 296

a) The scope of the power under Article 74/4 of the Rules of Court 297

b) Cases in which Article 74/4 of the Rules of Court has been applied 301

c) Cases in which the application of Article 74/4 of the Rules of Court has been rejected 310

iii-) Evidence, assessment and burden of proof 321

a) Normative grounds and basic principles of the regime of evidence 321

b) Burden of proof in the judgments of the Court 326

c) Circumstantial evidence 330

d) Proof for existence of custom 336

e) Evidence in provisional measure cases 339

f) Failure to demonstrate sufficient evidence for the alleged prejudice 344

g) Flexible application of evidence rules in international human rights law 345

iv-) Request for information for the implementation of indicated provisional measures 350

a) The scope of the power under Article 78 of the Rules of Court 350

b) Practice regarding request for information 356

c) Possibility to indicate provisional measures merely requesting information 360

v-) Power to remove the case from the Court’s list 363

a) Rejection of request for removal of the case from the list in cases where provisional measures were granted 363

b) Rejection of request for removal of the case from the list in cases where provisional measures were dismissed 365

vi-) Non-cooperative attitudes in the proceedings 368

a) Non-appearance at the merits stage of proceedings and its consequences 369

b) Non-appearance at the provisional measure proceedings and its consequences 372

CHAPTER III – OTHER MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS CONCERNING PROVISIONAL MEASURES IN INTERNATONAL LAW

A-) Advisory proceedings and provisional measures 377

1. General observations on advisory proceedings 377

i-) Relevant legislation 377

ii-) Practice of advisory opinions 381

iii-) The effect of advisory opinions 393

2. Relationship between advisory opinions and provisional measures 397

B-) Intervention and provisional measures 402

1. Intervention under Article 62 of the Statute 403

i-) General observations 403

ii-) Cases where intervention was granted under Article 62 411

2. Intervention under Article 63 of the Statute 414

i-) General observations 414

ii-) Practice under Article 63 419

C-) Role of UN organs and compliance with the Court’s orders of provisional measures 427

1. Role of the Security Council 428

i-) Article 94 of the UN Charter and Article 41 of the ICJ Statute 428

ii-) Notification under Article 40/2 of the Court’s Statute 436

iii-) Notification under Article 77 of the Rules of Court 438

2. Examples of cases 446

i-) “Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom v. Iran)” case 446

ii-) “Diplomatic and consular staff in Tehran (USA v. Iran)” case 450

iii-) “Military and paramilitary activities (Nicaragua v. USA)” case 454

iv-) “Aerial incident at Lockerbie (Libya v. UK; Libya v. USA)” cases 455

v-) “Application of Genocide Convention (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia)” case 459

vi-) “Land and maritime boundary (Cameroon v. Nigeria)” case 463

vii-) “Armed activities (Congo v. Uganda)” case 467

3. Role of the General Assembly 471

D-) Correlation between decision on provisional measures and final decision on the case 476

1. Table of cases in which provisional measures are granted 476

2. Table of cases in which provisional measures are rejected 494

E-) The subject-matter of provisional measures indicated 503

1. Prevention of aggravation or extension of the dispute 504

i-) Scope 504

ii-) Categories of various applications 508

a) First category: indication of measure to refrain from aggravating the dispute 508

b) Second category: no such measure at all 514

c) Third category: rejection of interim measure request but pronouncement of refraining from aggravation of the dispute 516

2. Different type of provisional measures 523

i-) Measures concerning substantial issues 523

a) Measures imposing a duty to refrain from carrying-out nuclear tests 523

b) Measures imposing a duty to release hostages 524

c) Measures imposing a duty to decrease armed tension 524

d) Measures requiring prevention and punishment of certain crimes 524

e) Measures requiring respect for human rights and humanitarian law 525

f) Measures requiring suspension of executions 525

g) Measures imposing facilitation duty 525

h) Measures concerning the right to property and free commercial activity 526

ii-) Measures concerning procedural issues 530

a) Preservation of evidence 530

b) Transmission of the Order to competent domestic authorities 532

F-) Cases with human rights dimensions 534

1. Introduction 534

2. Human rights elements in Advisory Opinions 538

3. Human rights elements in contentious cases 544

i-) General observations concerning provisional measures in human rights related cases 544

ii-) Specific examples of provisional measures application in armed conflict and frontier dispute cases 555

a) “Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua v. USA)” case 555

b) “Armed Activities (Congo v. Rwanda)” case 564

4. An example for provisional measures application in an early diplomatic protection case: The “Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (USA v. Iran)” case 574

i-) Provisional measure Order of 15/12/1979 574

ii-) Judgment of 24/05/1980 575

CHAPTER IV - THE ICJ JURISPRUDENCE ON THE BINDING NATURE OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES ORDERS

A-) Pre-LaGrand: “Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Paraguay v. USA)” case 579

1. Provisional measure Order of 09/04/1998 579

2. Non-compliance with the Court’s order 582

i-) The approach of the US administration and judiciary with respect to the Court’s order 583

ii-) Discontinuance of the proceedings: a political cost? 592

B-) The “LaGrand” case 595

1. Provisional measure Order of 03/03/1999 595

2. Judgment of 27/06/2001 603

i-) Arguments of the Parties submitted at the written and oral stages of the proceedings 603

ii-) Main aspects of the Judgment 605

3. Assessment 611

i-) Did the “Soering” judgment of the European Court of Human Rights play a role in Germany’s conduct before the ICJ in the “LaGrand” case? 611

ii-) The significance of the “LaGrand” Judgment with respect to the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and the question of remedies 612

iii-) The Inter-American Court’s Advisory Opinion on the “Right to Information on Consular Assistance” of 01/10/1999 622

iv-) Binding character of provisional measures Orders of the ICJ 630

C-) Post-LaGrand: reconfirmation of the binding nature of provisional measures 637

1. “Land and Maritime Boundary (Cameroon and Nigeria)” case 637

i-) Provisional measure Order of 15/03/1996 and Judgment of 10/10/2002 637

ii-) Assessment 641

2. “Armed Activities (Congo and Uganda)” case 642

i-) Provisional measure Order of 01/07/2000 and Judgment of 19/12/2005 642

ii-) Assessment 646

3. “Application of Genocide Convention (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia)” case 651

i-) Provisional measure Orders of 08/04/1993 and of 13/09/1993 651

ii-) Judgments of 11/07/1996 (Preliminary Objections) and of 26/02/2007 (Merits) 658

iii-) Assessment 662

4. “Application of the CERD (Georgia v. Russian Federation)” case 667

i-) Provisional measure Order of 15/10/2008 667

ii-) Assessment : One case, two Courts (ICJ and ECtHR) and two provisional measure Orders 672

a) Assessment of the ICJ’s Provisional measure Order of 15/10/2008 672

b) Assessment of the ECtHR’s interim measure Order of 12/08/2008 680

5. “Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. USA)” case 688

i-) Provisional measure Order of 05/02/2003 688

ii-) Judgment of 31/03/2004 695

iii-) Developments in the period between the 2004 Avena Judgment and Mexico’s new Application in 2008 712

iv-) Provisional measure Order of 16/07/2008 and Judgment of 19/01/2009 717

a) Provisional measure Order of 16/07/2008 (Request for interpretation of the Judgment of 31/03/2004 and for the indication of provisional measures) 717

b) Judgment of 19/01/2009 721

SOME CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS 725

Turkey-Ec Association Law: Developments Since Ankara Agreement 1963

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TURKEY-EC ASSOCIATION LAW: DEVELOPMENTS SINCE ANKARA AGREEMENT 1963



- Turkey- Ec Assocıatıon Law

- Turkey- Ec Association Law And Recent Developments Regarding The Freedom Of Establishment And Free Movement Of Services

- The Evaluation Of The Association Council Decisions



- Jurısdıctıon Of The European Court Of Justıce On The Ec- Turkey Assocıatıon Agreement- Latest Decısıon: Tum And Darı

- Jurisdiction Of Ecj- Turkish Association Agreement- Latest Decisions Of The Ecj On 20 September 2007 And Recent Developments İn The Uk



- Rıghts Of Eu Cıtızens In Turkey

- Rights Of Eu Citizens İn Turkey İn The Area Of Visa, Entry Requirements, Work And Resident Permit Before And After 1973



- Rıghts Of Turkısh Cıtızens In The Eu Countrıes

- Standstill As A New Form Of Movement İn The Association Eec- Turkey

- Developments Since Ankara Agreement 1963: Teh Rightsof Urkish Citizens İn The Eu Countries İn The Area Of Visa, Entry Requirements, Work And Resident Permit Before And After 1973 İn Germany

- Recent Developments İn Case Law Concerning Free Movement

- Right Of Persons Under The Eec-Turkey Association Agreement

Cases And Meterials On The Eu Private International Law

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CASES AND METERIALS ON THE EU PRİVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW



Nuray EKŞİ



This Volume Presents A Compilation Of The Most İmportant Legal Sources And Materials From The Law Of The European Union İn The Fields Of International Private Law And International Civil Procedure. The Level Of Significance That İnstitutions Of The European Union Attach To Harmonising Provisions For The Conflict Of Law İs Demonstrated Quite İmpressively Simply By The Number Of Relevant Legal Norms That Already Exist Or Are Being Prepared. The Consequences For Legal Practice Have Been Brought Home By Numerous Court Rulings, A Number Of Which Are Presented İn The Second Part Of This Work.

There Are Two Reasons Why This Book Comes As An Especially Welcome Signal. Firstly, İt Was Prepared By An Editor From Turkey And Thus Reflects The Great Growth Of İnterest İn Eu Legislation Which İs Already Taking Place İn Turkey As İt Moves Closer To The Eu. A Second Wonderful Aspect About The Book İs That İt Has Been Edited By Prof. Dr. Nuray Ekşi, Whom I Have Known Now For Many Years And Whom I Hold To Be One Of The Outstanding Legal Scholars Of Her Country’s Younger Generation. With Her Work, Nuray Ekşi Represents The İncreasing Number Of Academics At Turkish Law Faculties For Whom Expertise On The Law Of The European Union İs A Matter Of Course.

I Am Convinced That This Book Will Be Of Great Value To All Students And Practicing Lawyers Who Are Looking For A Cogent, Straightforward Guide To Legal Sources And Materials From Eu Law İn The Fields Of International Private Law And International Civil Procedure.



Univ.- Prof. Dr. Martin Schauer

Universität Wien

Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät

Institute Für Zivilrecht